Boko Haram: The Devil's Alternative

There is a current call for the Federal Government to negotiate with Boko Haram, a sect that has made the killing of other Nigerians a call to duty. 

 Goodluck Jonathan, President Federal Republic of Nigeria. 

On the basis of this call for dialogue, the new NSA is said to making moves to start a dialogue process with Boko Haram.

The premise for negotiating with Boko Haram seems to be the fact that when Niger Delta militants carried out a series of violent attacks against the Nigerian state, dialogue was eventually used to resolve it.

But, perhaps, the very faulty resolution option adopted by the Federal government for the Niger Delta crisis may be blamed for the Boko Haram monster the nation is currently facing.

When a government makes it a policy to reward violence, the natural response is more violence.  It is called positive reinforcement. When a positive action is rewarded, it creates a tendency for more positive actions, when negative action is negatively rewarded, it deters negative action but when the negative action is positively rewarded, it creates more negative action. 

The creation of a punishment system for negative behaviour in any society is as hold as humanity itself. This will not be changed in Nigeria. Unfortunately, the Nigerian government, since 1999 seem to have adopted a policy to reward insurgency with lucrative concessions to those who dare to rebel against the state. Asari Dokubo, Gani Adams, Government Tompolo are just a few Nigerians who have made fortunes from carrying guns against the state. 

Niger Delta militants carried guns against the Nigerian state, the government rewarded them with a very expensive peace plan that is costing the nation billions and is not sustainable in the long run. We all know it is a peace built like castles in the air, existing only because of the thriving bunkering business in the region, the monthly unearned income being paid out to former militants and the lucrative contracts to a few warlords that should be chilling in Nigerian prisons.

Now we are talking of similar “peace” with Boko Haram. First, it is not possible to dialogue with Boko Haram. Their demand is not contiguous with the existence of Nigeria as a nation.  Boko haram demand that “for Christians in Nigeria to know peace, they must accept Islam as the only true religion” rules out the possibility of coexistence with a large proportion of other Nigerians who do not share that faith and with a rightful claim to existence in Nigeria. You cannot negotiate away the faith of this other Nigerians or dilute their faith to make Boko Haram happy.

Destruction from a Boko Haram attack

Even more so, Boko Haram seems to practice a form of Islam that does not accommodate even other Muslims. The close shave of the Shehu of Bornu with death by bombs as practiced by Boko Haram on Friday is further evidence that Boko Haram simply has no respect for life. If they have a religion, it is a religion that worships death, not God. Many Muslims have equally died from the bombing campaign of Boko Haram as have Christians who they claim to be fighting against. The only dialogue that may suit Boko Haram therefore may be the death of every Nigerian and the creation of a Boko Haram Empire for them to live in peace with their bombs just because there is no one else to bomb.  

But even then, an enclave for Boko Haram will not give Nigeria peace. This is seen in places like Afghanistan, Somalia, and Pakistan where the existence of an enclave for fundamentalists have not stopped attacks on the neighbouring countries.  The enclave becomes a safe haven for attacks and the breeding ground for fundamentalist who cannot tolerate the existence of alternative thinking.

The logical conclusion that arises out of this situation is the painful acceptance that the only option available to the Federal Government is the defeat of Boko Haram in this fight against the Nigerian state. I said painful option, because it will mean the loss of more lives and the destruction of public property.  Terrorism anywhere in the world is never easily defeated. The NATO with all its powers and modern ammunition has not been able to stop terrorism in Afghanistan. US ran out of Iraq and Somalia. Terrorists are a tough bunch to defeat. I do not see it being different in Nigeria that before now, even basic crimes were difficult to crack.

However, the truth is that the government cannot continue to reward violence and expect to have peace. The earlier the Federal government realizes that there is no alternative B in this fight against insurgency, the earlier it would concentrate its resources in defeating this evil that has arisen among us.  

But maybe there is alternative B after all. This is for the Federal Government to accept that the task of maintaining the internal peace and the territorial integrity of Nigeria is now beyond its control. This will mean calling for a national conference and discussing the best way to restructure the nation or dissolve the Federation into more manageable parts. This is the devils alternative. 

The God Particle and Nigeria

The news of the week in the international media was the discovery of the “God Particle” by scientists. Also referred to as the Higgs Boson particle, this particle is said to give other particles their mass, hence its reference as the “God Particle.”

To discover this god particle, scientists have had to build what is called the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which is estimated to have costs £6.6 billion (N1.65 trillion). The LHC works by smashing protons, particles found inside atoms, to produce temperatures as high as four trillion Celsius, 250,000 times hotter that the centre of the Sun. The collision of the protons produces debris, which was then examined for the Higgs Boson particle.  

So on 4th. of July, why Americans were preparing to celebrate their independence, Scientists came out with the historic announcement that they have found the “God Particle” 50 years after Peter Higgs, a professor at Edinburgh University first proposed the existence of the particle. Interestingly, he was there to listen to the announcement.

According to the Telegraph, London, “The Higgs boson is the final piece of the Standard Model of Particle Physics, a theoretical model which describes the fundamental particles and forces that control our Universe.”

Finding the Higgs boson proves the existence of the Higgs Field, a force which provides fundamental particles - the building blocks of the Universe - with their mass. Without mass they would simply zip around the cosmos at the speed of light and never form into stars and planets. It is also the last missing cornerstone of the Standard Model of Physics, which explains what the Universe is composed of, according to the Telegraph.

Professor John Womersley, chief executive of the Science and technology Facilities Council, told reporters at a briefing in London: "They have discovered a particle consistent with the Higgs boson. “Discovery is the important word. That is confirmed. It's a momentous day for science."

Science discoveries usually make the news in the Western media. But the announcement of the discovery of the Higgs Boson had a celebrity touch. Perhaps, this is due to the huge amount involved in the experiment leading to the discovery and also the significance of the discovery.

Interestingly, Scientists are still very unclear about the practical implications of the discovery of the Higgs Boson particle. The Telegraph quotes Higgs as saying “It’s around for a very short time. “It’s probably about a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a second. I don’t know how you apply that to anything useful.

 “How you could have an application of this thing which is very short lived, I have no idea.”

But the Telegraph quotes Alan Walker, a colleague from the Edinburgh University School of physics and astronomy, as saying there had been the same uncertainty when the electron was discovered. So it may just be a matter of time before the discovery of the God Particle leads to new practical applications that change the way we live.

The news that made dominated the headlines in Nigeria; the same week the discovery of the Higgs Boson was being announced in London was the $3 million bribery scandal involving Nigeria’s House of Representatives. This news fought for front page attention with the usual news about the campaign of bombing being carried out in Northern Nigeria by the Boko Haram anarchists.

Less prominent was the news about the dwindling interest in Science by Nigerian students as reported by the Nigerian Guardian in a short story July 8, 2012. This story reported the lamentation by the Vice Chancellor of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Eastern Nigeria. The VC disclosed shockingly that of the 52,000 candidates that applied to the University for Admission, only 76 candidates offered to read Mathematics.  Also more than half of the 52,000 applicants offered to read courses in the Arts and Humanities.  Most likely, a good proportion of the remainder; will offer to read courses in the Business and Social Sciences leaving just a small fraction to read the sciences.

The pattern of student preferences is not surprising. Most students are responding to expected job market demands. We all know who gets the high paying jobs after University. Besides, it is also a factor of how well students feel prepared to tackle the challenges of studying science at the University. We all know most public secondary schools science labs are poorly equipped. It is not much different at the University level.

A survey among secondary school students in Nigeria may show that surprisingly a large proportion would have loved to read the sciences. So the obvious challenge is the lack of institutional encouragement and poor post study demand for those who read sciences in Nigeria. The marketing departments of most banks have a significant representation of graduates who made first class and second class uppers in sciences. For lack of good jobs that can give them living wages in their preferred fields, they now hawk financial services on the streets, a vocation that demands little intelligence.

There is the challenge of poor funding for public education and the reluctance and inability of parents to also pay higher fees for higher quality education. Quality education is expensive, a reality both the government and Nigerians are yet to accept. This does not necessarily mean that higher cost education is equal to higher quality education but good quality education is definitely not cheap. Well equipped laboratories are expensive. Quality teachers and lecturers will not accept non living wages. 

There are also lack of incentives to encourage science education. There are no scholarships and government backed student loans are also non existent. It is not also clear how  research activities in Nigerian public universities are linked to their public funding. How well linked is the promotion of lecturers to their achievements in research? 

The media also needs to play a critical role. What prominence does the Nigerian media give to scientific achievements in our universities? The media is quick to report sexual harassment, cultism and the politics of appointing vice chancellors in Nigerian universities. How well does the media give equal coverage to scientific discoveries in the universities? 

Does Nigeria need science education? Most definitely. Sciences of the God Particle may sound farfetched for the daily struggles of the average Nigerian.  The science of the Western world has moved to space exploration, but Nigeria still need the science that helps it conquer high levels of poverty.  For example, there are still many tropical diseases that western drugs have no precise answers yet or have overly expensive remedies.

The immediate question is how do change the culture of consumer worship to the worship of knowledge and understanding? We may not need to discover another God Particle; but we need to discover the science to conquer our immediate challenges. For example, how well do we understand the science of Nigerian corruption?